Critically analyse the macroeconomic effects of sustained inflation in India and evaluate the monetary, fiscal, and supply-side measures to control it. Substantiate with reference to the GDP deflator. (Answer in 250 words)

Sustained inflation—persistent increases in the general price level—erodes purchasing power and complicates macroeconomic management. In India, headline CPI is the target variable, while the GDP deflator offers an economy-wide price gauge spanning goods and services output.