Examine how El Niño, La Niña and El Niño Modoki events influence the Indian monsoon and broader global climatic patterns. (Answer in 250 words)

ENSO represents a coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomenon in the tropical Pacific. Its warm phase El Niño, cold phase La Niña and the central-Pacific–focused El Niño Modoki significantly modulate the Indian monsoon and global climatic anomalies.

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