Critically evaluate how cropping intensity and cropping pattern shifts can reconcile productivity with groundwater, soil, and climate constraints in India. Present a policy pathway. (Answer in 250 words)

India’s cropping intensity exceeds 140% in high-resource states, yet climate variability, groundwater stress, and labour and market signals are reshaping what farmers grow, when, and how. A critical appraisal must balance productivity with ecological limits.

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