Critically analyse the regulatory and ethical challenges posed by genome editing technologies in India. How should policy frameworks differentiate between SDN1/2 and SDN3 applications to balance innovation and biosafety? (Answer in 250 words)

Genome editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 have opened new possibilities for precise, low-cost manipulation of DNA in plants, animals and humans. For India, which is both an agrarian economy and a biotechnology hub, the challenge is to harness these tools while managing ethical, safety and regulatory concerns.