Explain the concept of genetically modified (GM) crops and highlight the key developments related to Bt cotton and GM mustard in India. (Answer in 150 words)

Genetically modified (GM) crops are plants whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA techniques to express desirable traits such as pest resistance, herbicide tolerance or higher yields. In India, debates around GM crops centre on productivity, biosafety, farmers’ livelihoods and environmental impacts.

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